Web Survey Bibliography
Title Visual analogue scales in online surveys
Author Funke, F.
Year 2005
Access date 29.03.2005
Abstract The objective was to prove if Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) were applicable to online surveys. The study compares the response to 16 items on a four-point categorial scale, a eight-point categorial scale and a VAS with each other through offline (n=204) and online (http://www.web-experiment.nonfx.net{:} n=873) surveys.VAS, accepted as reliable and valid tools, consist of horizontal lines with a verbal anchor at each end. The respondent states his opinion by marking the line with a cross at some place between the extremes. The VAS values in the online survey were transmitted by JavaScript. By analyzing the logfile's data dropout, response times and nonresponse were compared for all three scales.To be able to compare the frequencies for each category of the categorial scales with those on the VAS, intervals on the VAS have to be broken into categories. Obviously, the appropriate procedure for this is to subdivide the line into intervals of the same length. This linear transformation leads in both designs to considerable divergences in the respondent's choice of categories compared to the choices made when categorial scales are used. Particularly extreme categories are chosen more frequently after linear VAS-transformation than they are chosen on categorial scales.As an alternative to linear transformation of the VAS the model of reduced extremes could be applied. In this model the length of the extreme categories amounts to only 2/3 of the other categories. Transformation based on this model results in a higher level of correspondence between VAS and the categorial scales for most categories but particularly for the extreme categories.This results in the following findings: In categorial scales extreme categories are perceived as being smaller than the other categories. The true value of the extreme categories is in fact higher than is represented on categorial scales. By using the model of reduced extremes the avoidance of extreme responses, known as the central tendency, can be quantified. As the relations of the tested online and offline design, as far as identifiable here, do hardly differ, in principle nothing seems to conflict with the use of VAS in online surveys.
Abstract - optional Die vorgestellte Untersuchung soll zeigen, ob sich Visuelle Analogskalen (VAS) für den Einsatz in Onlinebefragungen eignen. Es wird das Antwortverhalten auf je 16 Items beim Einsatz einer vierstufigen Kategorialskala, einer achtstufigen Kategorialskala und einer VAS in einer Offlineerhebung (n=204) und einer Onlineerhebung (http://www.web-experiment.nonfx.net{:} n=873) verglichen.VAS, als reliabel und valide anerkannte Messinstrumente, sind horizontale Linien mit verbalen Ankern an den Enden. Der Befragte kennzeichnet seine Einstellung durch Setzen eines Kreuzes zwischen den Extremen der Linien.Die Werte der VAS wurden bei der Onlineerhebung mittels JavaScript übertragen. Durch Analyse des Logfiles wurden Response-Zeiten, Nonresponse und Dropout für die drei Skalentypen ermittelt und miteinander verglichen.Um die Kategorienbelegungen der Kategorialskalen mit denen der VAS vergleichen zu können, müssen Intervalle auf der VAS zu Kategorien zusammengefasst werden. Das augenscheinlich angemessene Vorgehen ist die Unterteilung der Linie in gleichlange Intervalle. Diese lineare Transformation führt in beiden Designs zu großen Unterschieden in den Kategorienbelegungen im Vergleich zu den verwendeten Kategorialskalen. Vor allem die Belegung der Randkategorien ist nach linearer VAS-Transformation deutlich höher als bei den Kategorialskalen.Eine Alternative zu der linearen Transformation der VAS stellt das Modell der reduzierten Extreme dar. Hier beträgt die Breite der Intervalle der extremen Kategorien nur 2/3 der Breite der übrigen Kategorien. Eine Transformation nach diesem Modell ergibt für die meisten Kategorien, besonders aber für die Randkategorien, eine erhöhte Übereinstimmung zwischen VAS und Kategorialskala.Die Untersuchung kommt zu folgenden Ergebnissen: Extreme Kategorien werden bei Kategorialskalen als schmaler als die übrigen Kategorien wahrgenommen. Der wahre Wert der Belegungen der Randkategorien liegt über dem Wert, der beim Einsatz von Kategorialskalen angezeigt wird. Die Vermeidung der Belegung von Randkategorien, als Tendenz zur Mitte bekannt, lässt sich durch das Modell der reduzierten Extreme quantifizieren. Da sich die Beziehungen der untersuchten Skalen, soweit hier vergleichbar, in Online- und Offlinedesign kaum voneinander unterscheiden, steht dem Einsatz Visueller Analogskalen bei Onlinebefragungen grundsätzlich nichts entgegen.
Access/Direct link Homepage - conference - (abstract)
Year of publication2005
Bibliographic typeConferences, workshops, tutorials, presentations
Web survey bibliography - 2005 (76)
- The ethics of research using electronic mail discussion groups; 2005; Kralik, D., Warren, J., Koch, T., Pignone, G., Price, K.
- The Analyses of Domestic Study about Internet Survey; 2005; Rui, L., Tie-ying, S.
- Controlling the Baseline Speed of Respondents: An Empirical Evaluation of Data Treatment Methods of...; 2005; Mayerl, J.
- Determinanten der Rücklaufquote in Online-Panels; 2005; Batanic, B., Moser, K.
- On the cost-efficiency of probability sampling based mail surveys with a Web response option; 2005; Werner, P.
- Expert workshop on mixed mode data collection in comparative social surveys; 2005; Roberts, C.
- The Effect Of A Simultaneous Mixed-Mode (Mail And Web) Survey On Respondent Characteristics And Survey...; 2005; Brennan, M.
- The total survey error approach. A guide to the new science of survey research; 2005; Weisberg, H. F.
- The professional respondent problem in online panel surveys today; 2005; Fulgoni, G.
- Satisficing behavior in online panelists; 2005; Downes-Le Guin, T.
- Reading behavior in the digital environment: Changes in reading behavior over the past ten years; 2005; Liu, Z.
- Rating versus comparative trade-off measures. Trending changes in political issues across time and predictive...; 2005; Thomas, R. K., Behnke, S., Johnson, Al., Sanders, M.
- Publication bias: Recognizing the problem, understanding its origins and scope, and preventing harm; 2005; Dickersin, K.
- Panel proliferation and quality concerns; 2005; Faasse, J.
- Gricean effects in self-administered survey. Ph.D. Dissertation; 2005; Yan, T.
- Drop-down boxes, radio buttons, or fill-in-the-blank? Web survey scale-type effects; 2005
- Does weighting for nonresponse increase the variance of survey means?; 2005; Little, R. J., Vartivarian, S.
- Big scale observations gathered with the help of client side paradata; 2005; Haraldsen, G., Kleven, O., Sundvoll, A.
- User Interface Design and Evaluation ; 2005; Stone, D., Jarrett, C., Woodroffe, M., Minocha, S.
- Adding Value to Data Through Improved Access. The Case for Web Portals; 2005; Baker, R. P.
- Multi-Mode Research and Data Linkage. Theoretical and Practical Advice; 2005; Terhanian, G.
- Architectural Design of a Survey Questionnaire and Respondent Data Repository. Practical Considerations...; 2005; Cookson, P., Sobell, J.
- Developing and validating a nursing website evaluation questionnaire; 2005; Tsai, S. - L., Chai, S.-K.
- Workaround: Site’s surveys beat pop-up blockers, yield responses; 2005; Arnold, C.
- The Story of Subject Naught: A Cautionary but Optimistic Tale of Internet Survey Research; 2005; Konstan, J. A., Ross, M. W., Rosser, B. R. S., Stanton, J. M., Edwards, W. M.
- Standards in Online Surveys. Sources for Professional Codes of Conduct, Ethical Guidelines and Quality...; 2005; Kaczmirek, L., Schulze, N.
- Computer adaptive testing; 2005; Gershon, R. C.
- Ego control and ego-resiliency: Generalization of self-report scales based on personality descriptions...; 2005; Block, J., Funder, D. C., Letzring, T. D.
- The Web experiment list: A Web service for the recruitment of participants and archiving of Internet...; 2005; Reips, U. -D., Lengler, R.
- Survey of substance use among high school students in Taipei: Web-based questionnaire versus paper-and...; 2005; Wang, Y. C., Lee, C. M., Lew-Ting, C. Y., Hsiao, C. K., Chen, W. J.
- Web Surveys. A Brief Guide on Usability and Implementation Issues; 2005; Kaczmirek, L.
- An assessment of measurement invariance between online and mail surveys ; 2005; Deutskens, E., de Ruyter, K., Wetzels, M.
- E-mail versus Web survey response rates among health education professionals; 2005; Kittleson, M. J., Brown, S. L.
- Toward An Open-Source Methodology: What We Can Learn From The Blogosphere; 2005; M.
- Aux Abonnes Absents: Liste Rouge Et Telephone Portable Dans Les Enquetes En Population Generale Sur...; 2005; Beck, F., ., Peretti-Watel, P.
- Web Versus Paper Questionnares: A Design and Functionality - Comparison; 2005; Jones, Ja., Fraser, C., Dowling, Z.
- Web Surveys and the new Disability Discrimination Act; 2005; Macer, T.
- Mixed-mode Surveys Using Mail and Web Questionnaires; 2005; Meckel, M., Baugh, P., Walters, D.
- Sampling procedure, questionnaire design, online implementation; 2005; Jackob, N., Arens, J., Zerback, T., Jowell, R., de Rouvray, C.
- Simple Approaches to Estimating the Variance of the Propensity Score Weighted Estimator Applied on Volunteer...; 2005; Isaksson, A., Lee, S., de Rouvray, C.
- Simple Approaches to Estimating the Variance of the Propensity Score Weighted Estimator Applied on Volunteer...; 2005; Isaksson, A., Lee, S.
- Alternative Modes for Health Surveillance Surveys: An Experiment with Web, Mail, and Telephone; 2005; Link, M. W., Mokdad, A.
- An Experimental Comparison Of Web And Telephone Surveys; 2005; Fricker, S., Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., Yan, T.
- Organizational Virtual Communities: Exploring Motivations Behind Online Panel Participation; 2005; Daugherty, T., Lee, W.-N., Gangadharbatla, H., Kim, K., Outhavong, S.
- Promoting Uniform Question Understanding in Today's and Tomorrow's Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- Is a Web survey as effective as a mail survey? A field experiment among computer users; 2005; Kiernan, N. E., Kiernan, M., Oyler, M. A., Gilles, C.
- The effect of personalization on response rates and data quality in web surveys; 2005; Heerwegh, D., Vanhove, T., Matthijs, K., Loosveldt, G.
- When Methodology Interferes With Substance; 2005; Schoen, H., Faas, T.
- Web-based and Mailed Questionnaires: A Comparison of Response Rates and Compliance; 2005; Baelter, K., Balter, O., Fondell, E., Trolle-Lagerros, Y.
- Bleeding Edge or Proven Technology? The Fact and the Fiction of Mobile Survey Computing; 2005; Cameron, M. R.